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Because they eliminate brushes, the commutator and armature winding, brushless motors do not require lubrication for extended periods of time, and so are often used in industrial applications that involve harsh environmental conditions. Brushed DC motors, while more efficient, contain contact surfaces within the windings which require lubrication to prevent wear on the commutator.
The rotor can rotate at any speed. In a 12-volt motor, the commutation system is located inside the motor, and the rotor will rotate between 12 and 120 times per second. The commutation system outputs pulses to the windings at a specific frequency. For a 12-volt motor, the commutation frequency is between 12 and 120 pulses per second. Depending on the design of the motor, these pulses can be either on for a short time, or off for a longer time. This produces a magnetic field.
There are disadvantages of brushless motors, including higher initial cost, higher electric and electronic failures, inability to be repaired at the motor's location without significant disassembly, and the inherent need to drive the motor from a controller with a different operating voltage (or pulse width modulation or PWM).
Brushless motors can be used to control devices with high mechanical precision, unlike those of brushed motors. This can be seen in modern video games, such as SimCity Societies where ball control is made possible by using the motors in a mouse. This technology is also used for adjusting the pitch of a helicopter's rotor, and for motion control of robotic arms and spacecraft.
A brushless motor is composed of a stator and a rotor. The stator is fixed, while the rotor is supported by a shaft. The rotor is usually made of either ferrite-core (permanent magnet) or neodymium (electromagnetic) magnets.
The brushless motor controller consists of two parts: a permanent-magnet position detector for sensing the rotor's position, and a controller for reading the position detector and producing pulses to drive the motor. The controller can use either magnetic or optical position sensors. The controller also includes a motor drive circuit to provide the necessary power to the windings. The motor drive circuit consists of a power transformer, and an output circuit, which is used to convert the low voltage DC provided by the power transformer to the high voltage needed to supply the motor's windings.
The power transformer consists of a set of primary and secondary coils, connected to the power supply, and a drive circuit. The drive circuit consists of a set of switches which pass the current through the windings of the rotor when appropriate, and short out the windings when current is not wanted. 827ec27edc